At CERN’s CMS experiment, data quality has traditionally been certified by human operators reviewing run after run. However, with the increasing volume of data, this manual process is becoming a bottleneck, paving the way for machine learning to take a more prominent role.

To ensure datasets are reliable for physics analyses, the CMS collaboration uses Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) software. This software analyzes raw detector output and generates concise summaries, known as monitor elements. These include histograms of sensor signals, basic statistics about detector performance, and plots that highlight unusual or unexpected behavior.